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Nicholas Maxwell (born 3 July 1937) is a philosopher who has devoted much of his working life to arguing that there is an urgent need to bring about a revolution in academia so that it seeks and promotes wisdom and does not just acquire knowledge. For nearly thirty years he taught philosophy of science at University College London, where he is now Emeritus Reader. In 2003 he founded Friends of Wisdom, an international group of people sympathetic to the idea that academic inquiry should help humanity acquire more wisdom by rational means. 〔 (Knowledge to Wisdom ) 〕 He has published eight books spelling out different aspects of the argument for an intellectual revolution, from knowledge to wisdom, and has contributed to over thirty other books.〔See ( UCL Discovery )〕 He has published over eighty papers in scientific and philosophical journals on problems that range from consciousness,〔Maxwell, N., 1968, ( Understanding Sensations ), Aust. J. Phil., vol. 46, pp. 127-145; 2000, ( The Mind-Body Problem and Explanatory Dualism ), Philosophy, vol. 75, pp. 49-71; 2011, ( Three philosophical problems about consciousness and their possible resolution ), Open J. Philosophy, vol. 1, pp. 1-10.〕 free will,〔Maxwell, N., 2001, ( ''The Human World in the Physical Universe'' ), Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, ch. 7; 2010, ( ''Cutting God in Half - and Putting the Pieces Together Again: A New Approach to Philosophy'' ), Pentire Press, London, ch. 8.〕 value,〔Maxwell, N., 1999, ( Are There Objective Values? ), The Dalhousie Review , vol. 79, pp. 301-317.〕 and art〔Maxwell, N., 2003, ( Art as its Own Interpretation ), in Ritivoi, AD, (ed.) ''Interpretation and its Objects: Studies in the Philosophy of Michael Krausz'', Rodopi, Amsterdam, pp. 269-283.〕 to the rationality of science,〔Maxwell, N., 1972, ( A Critique of Popper's Views on Scientific Method ), Phil. Sci., vol. 39, pp. 131-152; 1974, ( The Rationality of Scientific Discovery, Part I ), Phil. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 123-153; 1974, ( The Rationality of Scientific Discovery, Part II ), Phil. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 247-295; 2002, ( The Need for a Revolution in the Philosophy of Science ), J. Gen. Phil. Sci., vol. 33, pp. 381-408; 2005, ( Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Aim-Oriented Empiricism ), Philosophia, vol. 32, pp. 181-239; 2006, ( Practical Certainty and Cosmological Conjectures ), in Rahnfeld, M, ed., ''Gibt es sicheres Wissen?: aktuelle Beiträge zur Erkenntnistheorie'', Leipziger Unversitätsverlag, Leipzig, pp. 44-59.〕 simplicity,〔Maxwell, N., 1998, ( ''The Comprehensibility of the Universe'' ), Clarendon Press, Oxford, chs. 3 and 4; 2004, ( ''Is Science Neurotic?'' ), Imperial College Press, London, pp. 160-174; 2004, ( Non-empirical requirements scientific theories must satisfy: simplicity, unification, explanation, beauty ), PhilSci Archive.〕 scientific realism,〔Maxwell, N., 1968, ( Can There be Necessary Connections Between Successive Events? ), BJPS, vol. 19, pp. 1-25; 1993, ( Does Orthodox Quantum Theory Undermine, or Support, Scientific Realism? ), Phil. Quarterly, vol. 43, pp. 139-157; 1993, ( Induction and scientific realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen. Part two: aim-oriented empiricism and scientific essentialism ), BJPS, vol. 44, pp. 81-101.〕 explanation,〔Maxwell, N., 1998, ( ''The Comprehensibility of the Universe'' ); 2013, ( Has science established that the cosmos is physically comprehensible? ), in Travena, A and Soen, B, eds., ''Recent Advances in Cosmology'', Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York.〕 time〔Maxwell, N., ( Special Relativity, Time, Probabilism and Ultimate Reality ), in Dieks, D, ed., ''Philosophy and the Foundations of Physics: The Ontology of Spacetime'', Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 229-245.〕 and quantum theory.〔Maxwell, N., 1972, ( A New Look at the Quantum Mechanical Problem of Measurement ), Am. J. Phys., vol. 40, pp.1431-1435; 1976, ( Towards a Micro Realistic Version of Quantum Mechanics, Part I ), Found. Phys., Vol. 6, pp. 275-292; 1976, ( Towards a Micro Realistic Version of Quantum Mechanics, Part II ); 1988, ( Quantum propensiton theory: a testable resolution of the wave/particle dilemma ), BJPS, vol. 39, pp. 1-50; 1994, ( Particle creation as the quantum condition for probabilistic events to occur ), Phys. Lett. A, vol. 187, pp. 351-355; 2011, ( Is the quantum world composed of propensitons? ), in Suárez, M, ed., ''Probabilities, causes and propensities in physics'', Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, pp. 221-243.〕 == Philosophical contribution == Maxwell’s work has been devoted to tackling two fundamental interlinked problems:- Problem 1: How can we understand our human world, embedded as it is within the physical universe, in such a way that justice is done both to the richness, meaning and value of human life on the one hand, and to what modern science tells us about the physical universe on the other hand? Problem 2: What ought to be the overall aims and methods of science, and of academic inquiry more generally, granted that the basic task is to help humanity achieve what is of value – a more civilized world – by cooperatively rational means (it being assumed that knowledge and understanding can be of value in themselves and form a part of civilized life)? In connection with Problem 1, Maxwell has put forward a version of the double-aspect theory, according to which experiential and physical features of things both exist.〔Maxwell, N., 1966, (Physics and Common Sense ), BJPS, vol. 16, pp. 295-311; 2001, ( ''The Human World in the Physical Universe: Consciousness, Free Will and Evolution'' ), Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, USA; 2009, ( How Can Life of Value Best Flourish in the Real World? ), in Science and the Pursuit of Wisdom, ed. L. McHenry, pp. 38-57; 2010, ( ''Cutting God In Half - And Putting the Pieces Together Again: A New Approach to Philosophy'' ), Pentire Press, London.〕 In connection with Problem 2, Maxwell argues that the problematic aims of science, and of academic inquiry more generally, need much more honest and critical attention than they have received so far.〔Maxwell, N., 1984, ( ''From Knowledge to Wisdom'' ), Blackwell, Oxford (2nd ed., 2007, Pentire Press, London); 2004, ( ''Is Science Neurotic?'' ), Imperial College Press, London; 2007, ( From Knowledge to Wisdom: The Need for an Academic Revolution ), London Review of Education, vol. 5, pp. 97-115; 2014, ( ''How Universities Can Help Create a Wiser World: The Urgent Need for an Academic Revolution'' ), Imprint Academic, Exeter, UK.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nicholas Maxwell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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